There are moments in the history of human thought when a simple realization transforms our understanding of reality. A moment ...

The successful operation of the ITER fusion reactor depends critically on the performance of its complex cryogenic pumps, or cryopumps. These sophisticated devices, designed for operation at ...

The 8-tonne cryopumps, each a 1.6-meter diameter, 3.5-meter long steel cylinder, contain complex precision mechanics. They incorporate what is believed to be the world’s largest all-metal vacuum ...

Vector, scalar, and hybrid electromagnetic toroidal vortices. Recently, a major breakthrough in the field of optical toroidal vortices has been achieved and published in Science Advances [11(8 ...