New data identify gyro-resonant wave–particle interactions as the culprit ... and scattering across the magnetic field is most effective when there are electromagnetic waves at frequencies ...

Later also the guiding magnetic field was ramped up as the particle velocity increases so that the particles moved on a constant orbit. This was the birth of the synchrotron. A “Livingston plot ...

observing for example that particle acceleration along or transversely with respect to the local magnetic-field direction contributes strongly to redistributing angular momentum throughout the ...