Physicists at the University of Ottawa add an orbital spin to their laser beams to control the movement of electrons in their ...

The periodic table’s arrangement also allows scientists to discern trends in element properties, including electronegativity, ionization energy, and atomic radius. Many scientists worked on the ...

It describes options and how to calibrate plane parallel ionization chambers, against air kerma or absorbed dose to water standards at cobalt-60 gamma ray energies. The use of these chambers to ...

factoring in photon energy dependence. A fluence-dependent effect on the alignment parameter was observed, indicating that lower fluences reduced and delayed ionization dynamics, leading to ...