The upper mantle is hard but below that is semi-molten rock called magma. Crust The crust is the outer layer of the Earth on which we live. It is the thinnest layer and is between 5 and 90 km thick.

"That makes sense, since heat and water mostly affect the upper layers of the Earth's crust," said Junqueira Saldanha. The findings suggest the transfer of solar heat to the surface of the Earth ...

An ocean may in time develop from a rift in the Afar Triangle, in the Horn of Africa which will be close to America.

When the ground shakes violently, entire cities can crumble within minutes. Homes, hospitals, roads, and lives can vanish ...

Deep beneath the Earth’s surface, researchers have uncovered striking new evidence of ancient seafloor buried for millions of years. This hidden remnant, detected using seismic waves, offers fresh ...

Even within the relatively well studied upper crust, major questions ... the deep-seated controls on Earth’s prolific volcanism. The 3-day Workshop on Mantle Magma Supply and Imaging Magmatic ...

Although we cannot access the upper mantle directly, slices or fragments of the upper mantle occur in the accessible portions of the earth’s crust as oceanic lithosphere (ophiolites), alpine massifs, ...

On a dynamic planet like Earth, it can be easy for drivers of change to ... especially for shallow earthquakes originating in the planet's upper crust, rather than deeper, mantle-driven rumbles.

It’s not much of a stretch to say that Earth’s inner structure, especially the innermost spherical core, has stupefied scientists for generations. It sits over 3,000 miles below the surface, smaller ...

Scientists uncover surprising evidence that the Kerguelen hotspot, responsible for the 5,000-kilometer-long Ninetyeast Ridge, ...